Towards Collective Redress for Data Harms under the GDPR
Francesca Episcopo, Anna van Duin and Aart Jonkers1Drawing on scholarship in informational capitalism, this paper argues that large-scale GDPR violations by Big Tech—termed 'business model violations'—generate systemic data harms that require collective action as well as remedies capable of capturing their collective dimension. The paper contends that existing EU instruments—particularly Articles 80 and 82 GDPR and the Representative Actions Directive—already enable such responses, though their potential is underrealised. By bridging legal doctrine and socio-technical critique, the paper reframes collective redress as not merely feasible, but normatively necessary for meaningful enforcement.
1. Introduction
In a global digital and information economy, large-scale collection and processing of personal data is the central pillar in the business model of many large tech companies.2 These companies have commercial incentives to push the boundaries of data extraction and exploitation, leading to various...
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